Case Studies

Vicon score again - James Pearce reports on how Vicon customer, Loughborough University, used state of the art technology to keep the England cricket team fit, free from injury and give them the edge they needed to win cricket's ultimate prize, the Ashes.

Cutting-edge Technology for Everyday Athletes - In 1996, Dr. Andrew Pruitt, Ed. D., an athlete himself, envisioned a facility where superior medical care was accessible to athletes of all ages and activity levels. For the past 4 years, the Boulder Center for Sports Medicine has used the Vicon Motus 3D Optical Capture system to analyze and detect the movements of everyone from the recreational biker to world class cycling teams.

The Vicon Standard, Vicon’s independently edited periodical on the application of Vicon systems in Life Sciences, contains a number of Case Studies relating to Sports Performance.

If you would like more details on The Standard, visit the independent website of the publication at www.viconstandard.org.

#2 2004	Technology and Sport by Jacque Alderson, Bruce Ellliot, Siobhan Reid, Marc Portus and David Lloyd, Movement Analysis Laboratory, The School of Human Movement and Exercise Science, The University of Western Australia.
#1 2002	Gait Retraining in Runners by Irene McClay David PhD, PT and Reed Ferber PhD, ATC, CAT(C), Running Injury Clinic, University of Delaware, USA

Vicon's solutions have been used for Olympic excellence for many years. Follow these links for more details of Vicon's heritage in sports analysis and improvement.

Salt Lake City 2002	Peak At The Games
	Speed Skating
	Figure Skating
	Ski Jumping
Sydney 2000	Peak At The Games
	Gymnastics
	Pole-Vaulting
	Tennis

SALT LAKE CITY 2002
In February 2002, the world watched as top athletes descend upon Salt Lake City to compete in the 2002 Olympic Winter Games. This was an ideal occasion to enjoy the best in head-to-head competition and to capture and examine the very elements that lead to victory. It is our pleasure to highlight one of the studies that was conducted during the 2002 Olympic Winter Games.

SPEED SKATING
The key interest to Dr. Stefanyshyn was the technology being employed — specifically, the klap skate's hinge. Debuting at the 1998 Winter Games, the new skate design carried skaters to five new world records.

The uniqueness of the klap skate's design is that the blade is not attached to the heel of the skate. This allows the blade to remain in contact with the ice longer, thus increasing the skater’s pushing power. Currently, the position of the pivot point is arbitrary, being placed somewhere under the ball of the foot. Finding the optimal pivot position for maximal performance is a process of trial and error for each skater. Dr. Stefanyshyn examined the relationship between ankle plantarflexor (calf muscle) strength, hinge position and performance. Through this study, he intends to determine if the optimal pivot position is a function of the skater’s plantarflexor strength.

Contributors: Dr. Darren J. Stefanyshyn: The University of Calgary

FIGURE SKATING
Figure skating is one of the major attractions for spectators and receives considerable amounts of publicity. What routines were once thought impossible are now mandatory to remain competitive. Surprisingly, though, little biomechanical research has been conducted on figure skaters.

As such, Drs. Debbie King and Sarah Smith are conducting two research projects. One project involves the kinematics of successful quadruple jumps: jumping from and landing on a backward edge of the skate while rotating four times in mid-air. These are currently the most difficult jumps facing the men’s competition and may be crucial to winning a gold medal.

The second study will analyze the split triple twist utilized in pairs skating. This skill involves the man lifting the woman and throwing her above his head, where she rotates and is then caught again before landing. Drs. King and Smith measured the angular momentum and moment of inertia of the airborne woman to determine what factors are necessary to complete the move successfully.

Contributors:
Dr. Debbie King: Montana State University.
Dr. Sarah Smith: United States Olympic Committee

SKI JUMPING
Jumping involves an incredible amount of precision and body control with jumpers launching themselves from 90-meter or 120-meter platforms, and remaining airborne for approximately four to five seconds. Once airborne, jumpers try to maintain a "V" position with their skis, while creating a "wing" effect with their body. Both ski and body positions, along with minute adjustments of the hands, all affect the flight path and ultimate jump distance. Drs. Bruggemann and Komi seek to examine flight trajectories and body positions in order to learn which combinations produce the longest jumps.

SYDNEY 2000
GYMNASTICS
Peak Performance felt the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games would be a perfect opportunity to highlight the research projects that Peak is proud to be supporting.

At these Games we participated in pole-vaulting with project director Dr. Jill McNitt-Gray from the University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Dr. McNitt-Gray has a long involvement in gymnastics and is currently studying how a gymnast’s flight phase mechanics and multi-joint control factors affect landing performance. Specifically, they will determine if gymnasts control their moment of inertia during flight and their load distribution during landing, using the same multi-joint control patterns regardless of the initial conditions at apparatus departure or the initial momentum at touchdown, respectively. Landings from various events including the vault, floor exercise, and high bar/uneven bars will be studied.

All of us at Peak anticipate an exciting 2000 Olympic Games in terms of both competition and research. We hope this overview of the Olympic events being studied helps to enhance your viewing of the Games by making you more aware of the depth of biomechanical factors involved!

Contributor: Dr. Jill McNitt-Gray: University of Southern California in Los Angeles, USA

POLE VAULTING
Peak Performance felt the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games would be a perfect opportunity to highlight the research projects that Peak is proud to be supporting. At these Games we participated in pole-vaulting with project directors Drs. Peter Brüggemann and Paavo Komi from the German Sport University in Cologne, Germany.

Drs. Brüggemann and Komi are working to quantify the resultant joint forces and moments placed on the spinal structures (T12/L1 & L5/S1) during the pole vault. This topic is of concern as athletes have continued to employ stiffer poles in order to reach ever-increasing gold medal heights. With run up speeds being limited, however, the only way for an athlete to sufficiently bend these poles is to increase their amount of back hyperextension. As a result, undue stress may be placed on the spine. Hence, the intention is to identify key risk factors, propose modifications to the training regimens and, if necessary, stimulate reconsideration of the rules and requirements. Additionally, they will gain insight into performance optimization by looking at the import of energy storage in the pole and the effects of various techniques on the reutilization of that energy.

TENNIS
With the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, we felt it would be a perfect opportunity to highlight the research projects that Peak is proud to be supporting. At these Games we participated in tennis with project director Dr. Glenn S. Fleisig from The American Sports Medicine Institute in Birmingham, AL.

Dr. Fleisig is investigating the effects of fatigue upon the kinematics and kinetics of the tennis serve. Because of the repetition and high loads involved, the structures of both the shoulder and elbow joints are placed under severe stress. This stress may be heightened as a player reaches latter sets and the active and passive restraints become fatigued. This may lead to possible changes in temporal patterns and the misapplication of forces and torques, both of which are thought to increase the likelihood of injury. Ultimately, the purpose of this study is to investigate the possible changes in kinematics, kinetics, or temporal manifestations that occur as a result of fatigue, and provide coaches and trainers a means to identify critical parameters that may predispose one to injury.

Contributor:Dr. Glenn S. Fleisig: The American Sports Medicine Institute in Birmingham, USA

Sample Customers

Asics Corporation
Australian Institute of Sport
Coventry University
Deutsche Sportschule Köln (512)
Dublin City University
ETH Zürich
Hokkaido Sport Center
Institut Für Sport & Sportwissenschaft Universität Freiburg
Istituto Superiore Statale di Educazione (ISEF)
Japan Institute of Sports Science
Korea National University of Arts
Long Island University - Brooklyn Campus
Louisiana State University
National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya
Roehampton Institute London
SUNY Upstate Medical Centre, Syracuse
Taiwan Footwear Research Institute
Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children
Tsuruya Golf
University of Birmingham
University of Cape Town
University of Delaware - 3424
University of Miami
University of Swansea
Z-Up productions
Nethersole Hospital

Bibliography

Sports General
Archery
Baseball
Basketball
Canoeing & Kayaking
Curling
Cycling
Dancing
Disc Golf
Diving
Exercise Physiology
Fishing
Football - American
Football - European (Soccer)
Golf
Gymnastics
Luge
Martial Arts
Physically Challenged Sports
Racquet Sports
Running
Skating
Skiing
Swimming
Track & Field
Vertical Jumping
Volleyball
Water polo
Weightlifting

SPORTS-GENERAL
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(1992). "Alle werden Gnadenlos Ausgeleuchtet." In Der Spiegel, July: 46(30):194-199.

(1992). "System Helps Analyze Peak Performance." In HI-TECH Coacing & Training. January. p. 10.

Arampatzis, Adamantios, S. Stafilidis, G. Morey-Klapsing & G.P. Bruggemann. "Interaction of the human body and surfaces of different stiffness during drop jumps." Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine, March 2004, p.452-459

Biewenner, A.A., ed. (1992). "Biomechanics Structures and Systems: A Practical Approach." In Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Chu, Danny P.K., Bai-ming Zhang, and Kenneth Mau. (2002). "Tenpin Bowling Technique on Elite Players." In Abstracts of the 20th International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, July 1-5, 2002; Caceres, Spain; pgs. 123-125.

Costa,K.E., McNitt-Gray, J.L., Mathiyakom, W., Requejo P., and Eagle J. (2000). "Lower Extremity Power Generation Strategies Specific To Task Constraints" In Preceedings 24th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Biomechanics. (pp. 59-60)

Fraser, Jay. (1992). "Training with Technology." In EDN, February 17: 37:212-218.

Hadley, Fred. (1993). "Sports and Technology." In The Technology Teacher, March: (pp. 23-29).

Huang, Chenfu. (1997). "Biomechanical Analysis of Drop Landing From Different Heights in Taiwan College Students." In Book of Abstracts for the 16th Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics, Tokyo, Japan, August 25-29: 76.

Ishikawa, M., Finni, T., and Komi, P.V. (2003) “Behaviour of vastus lateralis muscle-tendon during high intensity SSC excercises in vivo” In Acta – Scandavian Physiological Society, v. 178, 205-213

Kerschbaumer, Ken. (1992). "Olympic Training Center Uses Video." In Government Military Video (GMV) 3, 25 January, 10.

Kretchmar, Laurie. (1988). "Computerized Replay Gives Athletes an Edge." In The Wall Street Journal, 20 January.

Lee, Ki-Kwang; Smith, Gerald A., Woo, Sang-Yeon (2000). "The Effect of Turning Direction on Lower Extremity Joint Moments during Fast Cutting Movement" In Proceedings of XVIII International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports Volume I (pp. 54-57)

Riehle, Hartmut. (1995). "Joints-Nature's High-Tech? Biomechanical Methods, Instruments and Models for the Analysis of Load and Strain Imposed on Human Joints by Participation in Sport Activities." In Proceedings of the IOC World Congress on Sports Sciences, Sept. 16-22: (p. 50-51). Atlanta, Georgia.

Rozin, Skip. (1991). "The Olympics and Technology." In Sports Illustrated, October 7: 75(15).

Roehrlick, Dagmar. (1997). "Virtuelle Sportler: Mit Hilfe von Computer und Bildverarbeitung werden Athleten auf Hoechstleistung getrimmt." In Wirtschaftswoche. 9 January: (pp. 42-43).

Ruhl, Michael. (1988). "High-Tech System Aims to Perfect Athletes." In The Denver Post, 23 January.

Schmitt, Bill. (1993). "Have you Reached a Plateau in Your Game?" In Athletic Club Inverness, Nov/Dec. Issue: (pp. 1:8).

Schrader, C. (1994). "Wie Bewegung in den Körper kommt." In GEO, pp. 48-60.

Usman, Juliana, Noor Azuan Abu Osman, Azmin Sham Rambely, and Wan Abu Baker Wan Abas. (2002). "A Comparative Study on Kinematics Parameters between the Sepak Kudo Serve and the Sepak Sila Serve in Sepak Takraw." In Abstracts of the 20th International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, July 1-5, 2002; Caceres, Spain; pg. 191.

Vizard, Frank. (1992). "The Technology of the Olympics." In Popular Mechanics, February: (pp. 26-28; 129).

Wang, Shi-Yi, Chenfu Huang, and Chung Hsien Yang. (2002). "Biomechanical Analysis of High-Low Impact Aerobic Dance and Step Aerobics." In Abstracts of the 20th International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, July 1-5, 2002;

Caceres, Spain; pgs. 179-182.

Ziehm, Len. (1989). "Computer for Fine-Tuning." In Chicago Sun Times, 2 June.

ARCHERY
Shiang, Tzyy-Yuang, and Cheng-Jen Tseng. (1997). "A New Quantitative Approach for Archery Stability Analysis." In Book of Abstracts for the 16th Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics, Tokyo, Japan, August 25-29: 142.

BASEBALL
Anderson, T. R. and B. Longo. (1992). "Relationships among Temporal, Kinematic and Anthropometric Variables in the Transverse Plane during the Baseball Swing." In Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 24(5):S130, §777.

Ashley, S. (1992). "High Tech Up at Bat." Popular Science May: (pp. 108-111).

Bauman, Tony. (1994). "A Comparison of Running Thru First Base to Sliding in Headfirst." Abstract presented to Goshen College, Goshen, IN.

Dillman, C.J., S.L. Werner, and J.R. Andrews. (1991). "Valgus Extension Overload in Throwing." In Proceedings of the American College of Sports Medicine, Dallas, TX, May 29 - June 1.

Elliott, S. and S. Jackson. (1992). "Overarm Versus Sidearm Mechanics in Pitching: A Comparative Analysis." Presented at the 10th Annual Carolinas Biomechanics Symposium. Charlotte, North Carolina.

Heise, Gary D. (1994). "Segment Interactions of the Arm during the Practice of a Novel, Multijoint Throwing Skill." In Journal of Applied Biomechanics 10(4):352-373.

Sabick, Michelle B., Michael R. Torry, and Richard J. Hawkins. (2002). "Differences in Kinematics Between Professional and Youth Baseball Pitchers." In Abstracts of the Fourth World Congress of Biomechanics, August 4-9, 2002: (Proceedings CD). Calgary, Canada.

Sherwood, Christopher P., Richard N. Hinrichs, and Gary T. Yamaguchi. (1997). "3D Angular Velocities Most Related to Ball Release Velocity in Throwing." In Book of Abstracts for the 16th Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics, Tokyo, Japan, August 25-29: 396.

Vanderbilt, M. and S. Jackson. (1993). "Kinematic Comparative Analysis of Pitchers Throwing a Fastball & Curveball." Presented at the 11th Annual Carolinas Biomechanics Symposium. Greenwood, South Carolina.

Werner, S.L., C.J. Dillman, G.S. Fleisig, S.P. Kupferman, C.J. Pavlatos, and J.R. Andrews. (1990). "Elbow Kinetics in Pitching." In Abstracts of the First World Congress of Biomechanics, August 30 - September 4: (p. 354). LaJolla, CA: FWCB.

BASKETBALL
Miller, S.A., and S.L. Jackson. (1996). "Kinematic Comparative Analysis of the Coordination Pattern of the Basketball Free Throw." In Proceedings of the XIII International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, pp. 71-74.

Vaughn, R.E., and B. Kozar. (1993). "Intra-Individual Variability for Basketball Free Throws." In Proceedings of the XIth Symposium of the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports, pp. 305-308.

CANOEING & KAYAKING
Hildebrand, Falk, Volker Drenk, Matthias Kindler. (1998). "3-D Video Technique for Analysis of Rowing in a Natural Environment." In Proceedings of XVI International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports.

Munro, Christie; Yanai, Toshimasa. (2000) "Forces on the Lower Back during Rowing Performance in a Single Scull" In Proceedings of XVIII International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports Volume I (pp.186-189)

Sanders, Ross H., and Selina J. Kendal. (1992). "Quantifying Lift and Drag Forces in Flatwater Kayaking." In Abstracts for the 9th International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, June: (p. 88).

Sousa, Filipa, Paulo J.R. Oliveira, and José L.C. Gonçalves. (1996). "Kinematics Analysis of Stroke Cycle to an International Athlete on Canoeing - K1." In Proceedings of the XIV International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, June 25-29: (pp. 401-403).

CURLING
Day, J.S., and J. G. Reid. (1993). "Measurement of Power and Friction as Applied to Sweeping in Curling." In Proceedings of the 14th Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics, July: (pp. 314-315). Paris: ISB.

CYCLING
Bahamonde, R., and J. Moon. (1992). "Leg Kinematics of Cerebral Palsey Cyclists: A Dynamical System Approach." In Proceedings of NACOB II, The Second North American Congress on Biomechanics, August 24-28: (pp. 343-344). Chicago, IL: NACOB II.

Candotti, Claudia Tarrago, Denise Paschoal Soares, Carlos Dreyer Neto, Jefferson Fagundes Loss, and Antonio Carlos Stringhini Guimaraes. (2002). "Effective Force and Index of Effectiveness during Cycling". In Abstracts of the Fourth World Congress of Biomechanics, August 4-9, 2002: (Proceedings CD). Calgary, Canada.

Fecteau, A.J., and G.A. Smith. (1992). "Frontal Plane Knee Kinematics during Stationary Cycling with Clipless Pedals." In Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 24(5):S186, §1114.

Jackson, S.L., and L.M. Elders. (1996). "Kinematic Analysis of Cycling during Pregnancy." In Proceedings of the XIII International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, pp. 326-329.

Rodano, R. and R. Squadrone. (1997). "A Procedure for Quantitative Kinematic Analysis in Cycling." In Book of Abstracts for the 16th Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics, Tokyo, Japan, August 25-29: 154.

Marsh, P.A.., Martin, P.E., and Sanderson, J.D., (2000). " Is a Joint Moment-based Cost Function Associated with Preferred Cycling Cadence?." In Journal of Biomechanics, February: 33(2) (pp. 173-180).

DANCING
Midgett, V., H. O'Bryant, M. Stone, and R. Johnson. (1993). "Effects of Arm Position on 'Hang Time' during a Grand Jete." In Kinesiology and Medicine for Dance 15(2):3-22.

Rasmussen, C.C., and J.G. Hay. (1993). "The Illusion of Suspension in Selected Dance Leaps." In Kinesiology and Medicine for Dance 15(2):23-41.

Self, Brian P., Anita M. Bagley, Teresa L. Triplett, and Lonnie E. Paulos. (1996). "Functional Biomechanical Analysis of the Pilates-Based Reformer during Demi-Plié Movements." In Journal of Applied Biomechanics 12(3):326-337.

DISC GOLF
Jackson, S.L., and E.A Tanner. (1993). "Analysis of Children Putting and Driving in Disc Golf." In Proceedings of the XIth Symposium of the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports, pp. 371-373.

Jackson, S.L., and E.A Tanner. (1993). "Analysis of Elite and Novice Disc Golfers Performing 10 M Putts." In Proceedings of the XIth Symposium of the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports, pp. 368-370.

Jackson, S.L., and E.A Tanner. (1993). "Analysis of Elite and Novice Disc Golfers Performing Drives." In Proceedings of the XIth Symposium of the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports, pp. 363-367.

DIVING
Jones, Ian C. and Doris I. Miller. (1996). "Influence of Fulcrum Position on Springboard Response and Takeoff Performance in the Running Approach." In Journal of Applied Biomechanics 12(3):383-408.

Mathiyakom, W., L. McNitt-Gray, B. A.Munkasy, J. Eagle, J. Gabriele. (1998). "Joint Kinetics Differences During the Take-Off of Forward and Backward Rotating Dives." In Proceedings of NACOB II, The Second North American Congress on Biomechanics, August 14-18. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

McNitt-Gray, J. L., B. A. Munkasy, K. Costa, D. Mathiyakom, J. Eagle, and M. M. Ryan. (1998). "Invariant Features of Multijoint Control Strategies Used by Gymnasts During Landings Performed in Olympic Competition." In Proceedings of NACOB II, The Second North American Congress on Biomechanics, August 14-18. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

Miller, D.I. (1998). "Pushing Through Maximum Depression to Increase Springboard Dive Height." In Proceedings of NACOB II, The Second North American Congress on Biomechanics, August 14-18. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

Miller, D.I., I.C. Jones, M.A. Pizzimenti, E. Hennig, E., and R.A. Nelson. (1990). "Kinetic and Kinematic Characteristics of 10-m Platform Performances of Elite Divers: II-Reverse Takeoffs." In International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 6:283-308.

Miller, D.I., M.A. Pizzimenti, I.C. Jones, and R.A. Nelson. (1991). "A Springboard Response for Feedback on Diving Performance." In Proceedings of the American Society of Biomechanics, October 16-18: (pp. 122-123). Tempe, AZ: ASB.

Miller, Doris I. and Eric J. Sprigings. (2001). "Factors Influencing the Performance of Springboard Dives of Increasing Difficulty." In Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 17: 217-231.

Murtaugh, Karen and Doris I. Miller. (2001). "Initiating Rotation in Back and Reverse Armstand Triple Somersaults Tuck Dives." In Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 17: 312-325.

Slobounov, Semyon M., and Karl M. Newell. (1996). "Postural Dynamics in Upright and Inverted Stances." In Journal of Applied Biomechanics 12(2):185-196.

EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
Anderson, David, Ben M. Hillberry, Dorothy Teegarden, William R. Proulx, Connie M. Weaver, and Tomoaki Yoshikawa. (1996). "Biomechanical Analysis of an Exercise Program for Forces and Stresses in the Hip Joint and Femoral Neck." In Journal of Applied Biomechanics 12(3):292-312.

Arnold, R.K. (1993). "Analysis of the Biomechanical Relationship between the Temporal-Mandibular Joint and the Neck and Shoulder Girdle." Research paper, Montclair State College, School of Professional Studies, Department of Physical Education, Recreation and Leisure Studies. October: (30 pages).

Fluharty, S., and R. Bahamonde. (1994). "Comparison of Two Arm Swings during Walking: Kinematic Parameters." In Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, March supplement.

Heise G.D., and A. Cornwell (1994). "Do Relative Contributions to the Net Joint Moment Change After Extended Practice?" In Proceedings of the American Society of Biomechanics 18th Annual Meeting, October 13-15: (pp. 29-30). Columbus, OH: ASB.

Kernozek, T., N. Greer, and M. Tema. (1991). "The Relationship between Static and Dynamic Quadriceps Angles." In Proceedings, 9th International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, pp. 47-50.

Rodacki, Andre Luiz Felix, Neil Edward Fowler, and Simon Bennett. (2001). "The Effect of Postural Variations in Movement Co-Ordination During Plyometric Rebound Exercises." In Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 17: 14-27.

Rodgers, Mary M., and Roger M. Glaser (1994). "Biomechanical Comparison of Functional Electrical Stimulation-Induced and Active Knee Extension Exercise." In Proceedings of the American Society of Biomechanics 18th Annual Meeting, October 13-15: (pp. 217-218). Columbus, OH: ASB.

Siler, William L., A.L. Jorgensen, and R.A. Norris. (1997). "Grasping the Handrails during Treadmill Walking Does Not Alter Sagittal Plane Kinematics of Walking." In Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 78(4):393-398.

FISHING
Brenneman, C.A., and H.S. O'Bryant. (1991). "An Analysis of Rod and Hand Motion in Fly Casting." In 1991 Southeastern American College of Sports Medicine Conference, February. Louisville, KY: ACSM.

FOOTBALL - AMERICAN
Rash, Gregory, and Robert Shapiro. (1992). "Three Dimensional Kinetic Analysis of the Throwing Motion in Eight Elite College Football Quarterbacks." In Proceedings of NACOB II, The Second North American Congress on Biomechanics, August 24-28: (pp. 53-54). Chicago, IL: NACOB II.

FOOTBALL - EUROPEAN (SOCCER)
Potthast, Wolfgang, Kersting, Uwe, Bruggemann, Gert-Peter. (2000) "Mechanical Load and Soccer Specific Sprints" In Proceedings of XVIII International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports Volume I (pp. 73-75)

Tsaousidis, Nikitas, and Vladimir M. Zatsiorsky. (1994). "Collision Phase of Soccer Kicking." Pennsylvania State University, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Biomechanics Lab, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802. (pp. 1-2).

GOLF
Arnold, R.K. (1991). "Kinematic Analysis of the Golf Drive." Research paper, Montclair State College, School of Professional Studies, Department of Physical Education, Recreation and Leisure Studies. December: (21 pages).

Ball, K.A., R.J. Best, S. Dowlan, and D. Brown. (2002). "Different Weight Transfer Patterns in Golf." In Abstracts of the 20th International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, July 1-5, 2002; Caceres, Spain; pgs. 192-195.

Dossenbach, M.E., H.S. O'Bryant, R.L. Johnson, and B.J. Warren. (1990). "Kinematic Analysis of the Golf Drive in Selected Ladies Professional Golf Association Tour Players." In 8th Carolinas Biomechanics Symposium, Greenville, NC, November 30 and December 1.

Koop, Jeffrey. (1994). "Validation of Mitsubishi's Golf Trainer's Swing Speed Feature by the Peak Performance Video Illustrator's Speed Analysis." Abstract presented to Goshen College, Goshen, IN.

Lim, Young-Tae, Chow, John W.. (2000). "Estimating Lumbar Spinal Loads during a Golf Swing using and ENG-Assisted Optimization Model Approach" In Proceedings of XVIII International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports Volume I (pp.434-437).

Lewis, Chris. (2002). "Doctor Hip." In Golf Magazine, June 2002 (pp. 84-86).

Madden, J.M., and G.M. Street. (1992). "Comparisons of Movement Patterns of Low and High Handicap Golfers." In Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 24(5):S130, §776.

Welch, Christian M., Draovitch, Peter. "The Effects of two Different Types of Stretching as Warm Up on Performance in the Golf Swing;" http://www.hpt-biolink.com/stdysum.html.

GYMNASTICS
Arampatizis, A., G-P Bruggemann, G.M. Klapsing. (2000). "Control of Leg Stiffness and Its Effect on Mechanical Energetic Processes during Jumping on a Sprung Surface." In Proceedings of XVIII International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports Volume I (pp.23-27).

Arampatzis, Adamantios, Gert-Peter Bruggeman, and Gaspar Morey Klapsing. (2002). "A three-dimensional shank-foot model to determine the foot motion during landings." In Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Vol. 34(1): 130-138.

Brüggemann, G.P. (1997). "Practical Implications of Biomechanical Research to Jumping in Gymnastics." In Proceedings of the 4th International Olympic Committee World Congress on Sport Sciences, October: (pp. 33-34). Monte Carlo, Monaco: IOC.

Brüggemann, G.P., P.J. Cheetham, Y. Alp, and D. Arampatzis. (1994). "Approach to a Biomechanical Profile of Dismounts and Release-Regrasp Skills of the High Bar." In Journal of Applied Biomechanics 10(3):291-312.

Brüggemann, G.P., and D. Arampatzis. (1993). "Simulation of a Quadruple Backward Somersault Dismount from the High Bar." In Proceedings of the 14th Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics, July: 1:222-223. Paris: ISB.

Chen, Chin-Ku; Liu, Yu. (2000) "The Kinematic Analysis of Giant Swing and Dismount of Double Salto Backward Stretched with 720 Degree Turns on Horizontal Bar" In Proceedings of XVIII International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports Volume I (pp.225-228)

Gao, J., and G.P. Brüggemann. (1993). "A Method of Motion Analysis and Stress Estimation for the Upper Board of the Vaulting Board." In Proceedings of the 14th Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics, July: (pp. 446-447). Paris: ISB.

Hartfel, M.A., M.E. Reeves, B.A. Munkasy, and S.L. Smith. (1991). "Pilot Study of a New Apparatus Cover." In 1991 World Gymnastics Championships, Indianapolis, IN, September 14: (pp. 48-51), by the United States Gymnastics Federation. Indianapolis: USGF.

Jiang, Y., R.C. Nelson, and Z. Liu. (1992). "A 3D Kinematic Study of the Double Backward Somersault Dismount of the Parallel Bars." In Proceedings of the FIMS - International Sports Medicine Conference, March 20-22: (pp. S3-S5). Hong Kong: ISMC.

Krug, Jeurgen, and Maren Witt. (1996). "Motor Learning and Muscular Requests for Rapid Air-Borne Rotations of Athletes." In Proceedings of the XIV International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, June 25-29: (pp. 367-370).

Kwon, Young-Hoo. (1996). "Effects of the Method of Body Segment Parameter Estimation on Airborne Angular Momentum." In Journal of Applied Biomechanics 12(4):413-430.

Liu, Yu. (1997). "3D Angular Momentum Analysis of Dismount Landing in Gymnastics." In Book of Abstracts for the 16th Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics, Tokyo, Japan, August 25-29: 277.

McNitt-Gray, J.L., T. Yokoi, and C. Millward. (1994). "Landing Strategies Used by Gymnasts on Different Surfaces." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 10(3):237-252.

Shade, Falk., Arampatzis, Adamantios., Bruggemann, Ger-Peter. (2000). " Influence of Different Approaches for Calculating the Athlete's Mechanical Energy on Engergetic Parameters in the Pole Vault. " In Journal of Biomechanics 33 (pp.1263-1268)

Slobounov, Semyon M., and Karl M. Newell. (1996). "Postural Dynamics in Upright and Inverted Stances." In Journal of Applied Biomechanics 12(2):185-196.

Sousa, Filipa, and Eunice Lebre. (1996). "Biomechanical Analysis of Two Different Jumps in Rhythmic Sports Gymnastics (RSG)." In Proceedings of the XIV International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, June 25-29: (pp. 416-419).

Toner, Mike. (1996). "The Science of the Sport: High-speed video of Olympic athletes shows scientists how injuries happen --- and how they can be avoided." In The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 10 August, p. 1B.

Vieten, Manfred M., and H. Riehle. (1994). "An Estimate of Forces and Torques at the Joints during Trampoline Performances." In Abstracts of the 12th International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, July 2-6: (p. 33); and in Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, July 2-6: (pp. 54-56). Hungary: ISBS.

LUGE
(1992). "U.S. Luge Team Follows Video Path." In TV Technology, February: (p. 8).

Grotticelli, Michael. (1992). "Video Races for Olympic Glory." In Videography, February: (pp. 42-43).

MARTIAL ARTS
Chen, Chung-yu, Chenfu Huang, Di-yu Chen, and Jen-ping Tang. (1997). "Biomechanical Analysis of the Wushu Jump-Slap-Kick." In Book of Abstracts for the 16th Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics, Tokyo, Japan, August 25-29: 90.

Chen, Chung-yu, Chenfu Huang, Di-yu Chen, and Jen-ping Tang. (1998). "Biomechanical Analysis of straight and Flexural Leg Swings of the Chinese Martial Arts Jumping Front Kick." In Proceedings of XVI International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports..

Chuang, Long-ren, Norman Yang, Sampson Chen, and Chia-jen Chuang. "The Second Impact Force of Tai Chi Fist Punches." In Book of Abstracts for the 16th Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics, Tokyo, Japan, August 25-29: 93.

Huang, Chenfu, Chung-yu Chen, Ti-yu Chen, and Jen-ping Tang. (1997). "Biomechanical Analysis of Two Different Flying-Kicks of Chinese Martial Arts." In Book of Abstracts for the 16th Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics, Tokyo, Japan, August 25-29: 91.

Lan, Yu-Ching; Wang, Shi-Yi; Wang, Li-L; Ko, Yu-Chen; Huang, Chenfu. (2000) "The Kineamtic Analysis of three Taekwondo Kicking Movements" In Proceedings of XVIII International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports Volume I (pp. 277-280)

Liu, Yu, and Long-ren Chuang. (1997). "The Impact of the Chinese Martial Arts Forward-Kick." In Book of Abstracts for the 16th Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics, Tokyo, Japan, August 25-29: 92.

Ohmichi, H., T. Matsumo, and H. Kumabe. (1994). "Three Dimensional Analysis of the Body Center of Gravity during Selected Karate Performances." In International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, July 2-6: (p. 30). Hungary: ISBS.

Sørensen, Henrik, Morten Zacho, Erik B. Simonsen, and Klaus Klausen. (1996). "Kinetics and Electromyography of the Martial Arts High Front Kick." In Proceedings of the XIV International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, June 25-29: (pp. 439-442).

Vieten, Manfred M., Riehle, Hartmut. (2000) "Quantifying Judo Performance-An Attempt to Judge the Effectiveness of the Throwing Attacks" In Proceedings of XVIII International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports Volume II (pp.576-579)

PHYSICALLY CHALLENGED SPORTS
Bahamonde, R., and J. Moon. (1992). "Leg Kinematics of Cerebral Palsey Cyclists: A Dynamical System Approach." In Proceedings of NACOB II, The Second North American Congress on Biomechanics, August 24-28: (pp. 343-344). Chicago, IL: NACOB II.

Baldini, F.D., R.A. Cooper, R.N. Robertson, D. Jones, and L. Widman. (1992). "The Economy of Wheelchair Propulsion in Wheelchair Athletes." In Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise in review.

Chow, John W., Chae, Woen-Sik. (2000) "Speed and Stroke Cycle Characteristics During the 100-M Race for Paraplegic Athletes" In Proceedings of XVIII International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports Volume I (pp.229-232)

Chow, John W., Millikan, Tim A., Carlton, Les G., Morse, Marty I., and Chae, Woen-Sik. (2000). " Biomechanical Comparison of Two Racing Wheelchair Propulsion Techniques." In Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise March: Vol. 33(3) (pp. 476-484)

Chow, John W., Millikan, Tim A., Carlton, Les G., Chae, Woen-Sik, and Morse, Marty I. (2000) "Effect of Resistance Load on Biomechanical Characteristics of Racing Wheelchair Propulsion Over a Roller System." In Journal of Biomechanics May: Vol. 33, No. 5, (pp.601-608)

Czerniecki, J.M., and A. Gitter. (1992). "Insights Into Amputee Running: A Muscle Work Analysis." In American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 71:209-218.

Czerniecki, J.M., A. Gitter, and C. Munro. (1991). "Joint Moment and Muscle Power Output Characteristics of Below Knee Amputees during Running: The Influence of Energy Storing Prosthetic Feet." In Journal of Biomechanics 24:63-75.

Dueck, L., and C. Lepp. (1994). "Biomechanics Analysis: Comparison of Sport and Regular Wheelchairs." Research paper presented to Dr. Enid Brown, University of Winnipeg, Manitoba. April.

Pope, C., J. Edwards, G. Gehlsen, R. Bahamonde, and J. Bowerman. (1993). "Three-Dimensional Lower Extremity Kinematics in Elite Runners with Cerebral Palsy." In Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 25(5):S117, §655.

Pope, C., J. Edwards, G. Gehlsen, and J. Bowerman. (1993). "Ground Reaction Forces in Elite Runners with Cerebral Palsy." In Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 64:19.

Robertson, R.N., R.A. Cooper, and F.D. Baldini. (1992). "Biomechanics of Racing Wheelchair Propulsion." In National Wheelchair Athletic Association Newsletter, pp. 9-11.

RACQUET SPORTS
(1995). "The Disney Institute Chooses PBI to Direct its Unique Tennis Program." In Tennis World newsletter, Summer, p.1+.

Araton, Harvey. (1991). "McEnroe in 3-D: Opponents Beware - How Computer Imaging May Enhance Performance." In The New York Times, 19 June, p. B8.

Chow, John W., Les G. Carlton, Woen-Sik Chae, Jae-Ho Shim, Young-Tae Lim, and Ann F. Kuenster. (1999). " Movement Characteristics of the Tennis Volley." In Medicine and Science in Sports and Excersise, June. 31(6):855-863.

Chow, John W., Les G. Carlton, Young-Tae Lim, Jae-Ho Shim, Woen-Sik Chae, and Ann F. Kuenster. (1999). "Muscle Activation During the Tennis Volley." In Medicine and Science in Sports and Excersise, June. 31(6):846-854.

Hong, Y. (1993). "The Biomechanics of Badminton Smash Technique." In Proceedings of the 14th Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics, July: (pp. 588-589). Paris: ISB.

Huang, Kuei-Shu, Chenfu Huang, Shaw Shiun Chang, and Chien-Lu Tsai. (2002). "Kinematic Analysis of Three Different Badminton Backhand Overhead Strokes." In Abstracts of the 20th International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, July 1-5, 2002; Caceres, Spain; pgs. 200-202.

Jackson, S. and R. Pederson. (1997). "Biomechanical Comparative Analysis of Children's Badminton Serves Using Standard & Body Scaled Equipment: A Perception-Action Perspective." Presented at the XVth Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, June 21-25. Denton, Texas.

Lafortune, Mario A. (1997). "New Approach to Assess In Vivo Rearfoot Control of Court Footwear during Side-Stepping Moves." In Journal of Applied Biomechanics 13(2):197-204.

Reid, Machar and Bruce Elliott. (2002). "The One-and Two-Handed Backhands in Tennis." In Sports Biomechanics, Vol. 1(1): 47-68.

Shiang, Tzyy-Yuang and Ron-Li Su. (1997). "Subject and Material Analysis of Tennis Racket Power." In Book of Abstracts for the 16th Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics, Tokyo, Japan, August 25-29: 378.

Smith, Darla R., Kathy M. Ludwig, G. Monique Butcher, and Jerry D. Wilkerson. (1996). "A Comparison of Three Racket Skills Executed by Novice and Experienced Performers." In Proceedings of the XIV International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, June 25-29: (pp. 240-243).

Tsai, Chien-Lu, Chenfu Huang, and Shyh-Ching Jyh. (1997). "Biomechanical Analysis of Different Badminton Forehand Overhead Strokes of Taiwan Elite Players." In Book of Abstracts for the 16th Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics, Tokyo, Japan, August 25-29: 356.

Viollaz, Federico J., Aluisio O. V. Avila, José C. Pio da Fonseca, Also J. Viollaz. (1998). "Apparent Coefficient of Restitution of Impacts in Paddle Rackets with Different Characteristics." In Proceedings of XVI International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports.

Wu, Shyi-Kuen, Prentice, William E., Gross, Michael T., Yu, Bing. (2000) "A Comparison of Ball-and-Racquet Impact Force Between Two Tennis Backhand Stroke Techniques" In Proceedings of XVIII International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports Volume I (pp.363-366)

RUNNING
Arampatzis, Adamantios, Gert-Peter Bruggemann, Verena Metzler (1999). "The Effect of Speed on Leg Stiffness and Joint Kinetics in Human Running." In Journal of Biomechanics, December. 32(12):1349-1353.

Bachman, Greg, Heise, D. Gary, and Bressel, Eadric (1999). "The Symmetry of The Human Leg Spring: Spring Coefficients Between Right and Left Legs During Running." In The 23rd Annual Meeting For American Society of Biomechanics Oct. 21-23: (pp 222-223)

Dixon, S.J. and J.K. Turrell. (2001). "Relationship between rearfoot movement and medial forces during barefoot running." In Communications to the Annual Conference of the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences (pp. 4-5).

Dixon, Sharon J. and David G. Kerwin. (1999). "The Influence of Heal Lift Manipulation on Sagittal Plane Kinematics in Running." In Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 15: 139-151.

Farley, Claire T. and Octavio Gonzalez. (1996). "Leg Stiffness and Stride Frequency in Human Running." In Journal of Bimechanics February: Vol. 29, No. 2, (pp. 181-186)

Ferris, Daniel P., Liang, katiline, and Farley, Claire T., (1999). "Runners adjust Leg Stiffness For Their First Step On A New Running Surface." In Journal of Biomechanics August: 32(8): (pp. 787-794)

Hreljac, Alan, Nick Stergiou, and Shane Scholten. (2001.) " Lower Extremity Joint Power When Running Over Obstacles" In 25th Annual Meeting of The American Society of Biomechanics (pp. 115-116)

Heise, Gary D. and Philip E. Martin. " 'Leg Spring' Characteristics and the Aerobic Demand of Running." In Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 750-754, 1998.

Kruel, Luiz Fernando Martins, Leonardo Alexandre Peyre Tartaruga, Marcus Peikriszwili Tartaruga, Ana Carolina Chaves Larronda, and Jefferson Fagundes Loss. (2002). "Kinematic Analysis of Middle-Distance Runners during Treadmill Running and Deep Water Running." In Abstract of the 20th International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, July 1-5, 2002; Caceres, Spain; pgs. 88-91.

Kurz, Max J. and Nicholas Stergiou. (2002). "Effect of normalization and phase angle calculations on continuos relative phase." In Journal of Biomechanics, March 2002, Vol.35, No. 3. (pp.369-374).

Kyrolainen, Heikki; Belli, Alain; Komi, Paavo V. " Biomechanical factors affecting running economy". In Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. August, (2001). 33(8):1330-1337

Morley, Joanna, Stergiou Nick, Dierks, Tracy, Blanke, Daniel, and French, Jeffrey. (2001) " An Examination of Ground Reaction Forces in Runners with Various Degrees of Pronation." In 25th Annual Meeting of American Society of Biomechanics, (pp 111-112).

Scholten, Shane D., Nicholas Stergiou, Alan Hreljac, Jeremy Houser, Daniel Blanke, and L. Russell Alberts. (2002). "Foot strike patterns after obstacles during running." In Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Vol. 34(1): 123-129.

Shigeoka, C.A., and Farley, C.T. (2001) "Leg Stiffness Adjustment For Running On Altering Surface Stiffness". In 25th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Biomechnics (pp.119-120)

Stergiou, Nick, Scholten, D. Shane, Houser, Jeremy, Dierks, Tracy and Blanke, Daniel (2000). "Segmental Interactions During Running Over Obstacles Of Increasing Height." In Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting of The American Society of Biomechanics" (pp. 83-84)

Stergio, Nicholas, Scholten, D. Shane, Jensen, L. Jody, Blanke, Daniel (2001). Intralimb coordination following obstacle clearance during running: the effect of obstacle height". In Gait and Posture May: Vol. 13, No.3 (pp. 210-220)

Tartaruga, Leonardo Alexandre Peyre, Marcelo Coertjens, Marcus Peikriszwilli Tartaruga, Gabriela Lovis Black, Alvaro Reischak Oliveira, Leonardo Rossato Ribas, and Luiz Fernando Martins Kruel. (2002). "Influence of Deep Water Run Training Supplement on the Maintenance of Aerobic Performance and Kinematics of Middle-Distance Runners." In Abstracts of the 20th International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, July 1-5, 2002; Caceres, Spain; pgs. 92-95.

SKATING
Albert, Wayne J., and Doris I. Miller. (1996). "Takeoff Characteristics of Single and Double Axel Figure Skating Jumps." In Journal of Applied Biomechanics 12(1):72-87.

King, D.L., A. S. Arnold, and S.L. Smith. (1994). "A Kinematic Comparison of Single, Double and Triple Axels." In Journal of Applied Biomechanics 10(1):51-60.

King, Deborah. (1999). "Generating Vertical Velocity And Angular Momentum During Skating Jumps." In 23rd Annual Meeting American Society of Biomechanics." Oct. 21-23: (pp 150-151)

King, Deborah. (2002). "Quadruple Jumps in Figure Skating." In Abstracts of the Fourth World Congress of Biomechanics, August 4-9, 2002: (Proceedings CD). Calgary, Canada.

Knoll, Karen, and Falk Hildebrand. (1996). "Angular Momentum in Jumps with Rotations on the Longitudinal Axis in Figure Skating -- 3D-Analyses and Computer Simulation." In Proceedings of the XIV International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, June 25-29: (pp. 196-199); and in Ausgewählte Arbeitsergebnisse des Jahres, pp. 7-10.

Miller, D.I., and W.J. Albert. (1994). "Angular Momentum Strategies in Axel Jumping." In Proceedings of the American Society of Biomechanics 18th Annual Meeting, October 13-15: (pp. 13-14). Columbus, OH: ASB.

Purves, Neil A., Moira N. McPherson, William J. Montelpare, Teresa Socha, and Robert Thayer. (2002). "On-Ice Acceleration as a Function of the Wingate Anaerobic Test and a Biomechanical Assessment of Skating Technique in Elite Ice Hockey Players." In Abstracts of the Fourth World Congress of Biomechanics, August 4-9, 2002: (Proceedings CD). Calgary, Canada.

Riewald, Scott, and Jeff Broker. (1997). "Sport Science: Answering Critical Questions of Sport." In Olympic Coach 7(2): 2-4.

SKIING
Barone, M., P. Schaff, V. Senner, W. Hauser, and B. Rosemeyer. (1994). "Die Muskuläre Aktivität während des Rückwärtsfalls beim Skifahren. Ein Schutzmechanismus für das vordere Kreuzband?" ("Muscle Activity during Backward Fall in Skiing. Protection for the ACL?") In Deutsche Zeitschriet für Sportmedizin 45(4):142-150.

Bruggemann, Gert-Peter, Gianpiero DeMonte, Paavo V. Komi, Juha Isoletho, Wolfgang Potthast, and M. Virmavirta. (2002). "The Transition from Take-Off to Early Flight Phase in Ski-Jumping." In Abstracts of the Fourth World Congress of Biomechanics, August 4-9, 2002: (Proceedings CD). Calgary, Canada.

Dane, Abe. (1992). "The Mechanics of Skiing." In Popular Mechanics, February: (p. 34).

Fleck, S.J. and S.L. Smith, C.R. James, P.F. Vint and J. Porter. (1992). "Relationship of Different Training Jumps to Ski Jump Distance." In Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 24(5):S174, §1043.

Gregory, Robert W., Sean E. Humphreys, and Glenn M. Street. (1994). "Kinematic Analysis of Skating Technique of Olympic Skiers in the Women's 30-km Race." In Journal of Applied Biomechanics 10(4):382-392.

Haid, Ch., E. Müller, and Ch. Raschner. (1993). "Forces in the Knee Joint during the Steering Phase in Alpine Skiing." In Proceedings of the 14th Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics, July: (pp. 530-531). Paris: ISB.

McIlwaine, S., McPherson, M.N. Socha, T. (1999). "Kinematic and Metabolic Comparison of Skate-Skiing Technique on Flat Terrain." In Proceedings of International Society of Biomechanics XVIIth Congress, August 8-13, (p. 942).

McPherson, M.N., Montelpare, W.J., and Puumala, R. (1999). "Statistical Applications in the Biomechanical Analysis of Ski Jumping." In Proceedings of International Society of Biomechanics XVIIth Congress, August 8-13, (p. 670).

McPherson, M.N. (1994). "The Kinematics of Skating Techniques: Comparative Analyses between National Team Skiers & The Top World Championship Finishers." In International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, July 2-6: (p. 56). Hungary: ISBS.

Puumala, R., McPherson, M., Vaverka, F., McAuliffe, J. (1999). "Ski Jumping Flight: A Kinematic Analysis of the Preparation for Landing Phase." In Proceedings of International Society of Biomechanics XVIIth Congress, August 8-13, (p. 943).

Röhrlich, Dagmar. (1997). "Mit Hilfe von Computer und Bildverarbeitung werden Athleten auf Höchstleistung Getrimmt." In Wirtschaftswoche Nr. 3:42-43.

Schaff, Peter, Lars Nordsletten, and Arne Kristian Aune. (1996). "Muscle Activity Patterns of Elite Downhill Ski Racers during Landing." In Journal of Applied Biomechanics 12(2):225-236.

Schaff P., and W. Hauser. (1990). "Skiboot versus Kneejoint - A Biomechanical Investigation on Safety and Performance Aspects of Skiboots." In Proceedings of the First World Congress of Biomechanics, August 30 - September 4: (p. 128). LaJolla, CA: FWCB

Schaff, P., and W. Hauser. (1990). "Skischuh Versus Kniegelenk-Teil 2: Was Bewirkt die Vorlageposition im Skischuh?" In Sportverletzung Sportscaden 4:1-13.

Schaff, P., and W. Hauser. (1990). "Skischuh Versus Kniegelenk-Teil 3: Die Risikosituation Rückwärtsfall." In Sportverletzung Sportscaden 4:151-162.

Schaff Von P., and W. Hauser. (1989) "Ski Boot Versus Knee Joint - A Problem Involving Sports Medicine, Orthopaedics and Biomechanics." In Sportverletzung Sportscaden 3:149-161.

Smith, Gerald A., Richard C. Nelson, Adam Feldman, and Jeffrey Rankinen. (1989). "Analysis of V1 Skating Technique of Olympic Cross-Country Skiers." In International Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 5 November: (pp. 185-207).

Smith, Gerald A., Jon B. Fewster, and Steven M. Brandt. (1996). "Double Poling Kinematics and Performance in Cross-Country Skiing." In Journal of Applied Biomechanics 12(1):88-103.

Smith, Gerald A., and B.S. Heagy. (1994). "Kinematic Analysis of Skating Technique of Olympic Skiers in the Men's 50-km Race." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 10(1):79-88.

Smith, Gerald A., Glenn M. Street, Piotr H. Bednarski, and Sean Humphreys. (1992). "Kinematic and Energy Characteristics of Skating and Classic Techniques in Cross Country Ski Racing." In Biomechanics Project of the XVI Olympic Winter Games: Albertville, France, December.

Szmedra, L., S. Nioka, J. Im, G. Felix, D. Burge, and K.W. Rundell. (1997) "HB/MB 02 Desaturation in the Vastus Lateralis of Junior Elite Alpine Skiers during the Slalom and Giant Slalom." In Proceedings of the 4th International Olympic Committee World Congress on Sport Sciences, October 22-25: (pp. 79). Monte Carlo, Monaco: IOC.

Vaverka, F., M. Janura, M. Elfmark, M. McPherson, and R. Puumala. (1996). "A General Versus Individual Model of the Ski Jumping Technique." In Proceedings of the XIV International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, June 25-29: (pp. 293-296).

SWIMMING
Arellano, R., P. Brown, J. Cappaert, and R.C. Nelson. (1994). "Analysis of 50-, 100- and 200-m Freestyle Swimmers at the 1992 Olympic Games." In Journal of Applied Biomechanics 10(2):189-199.

Blanksby, Brian, Lee Nicholson, and Bruce Elliott. (2002). "Biomechanical Analysis of the Grab, Track, and Handle Swimming Starts: An Intervention Study." In Sports Biomechanics Vol.1(1):11-24.

Cappaert, J.M., K.M. Monteil, G. Crickard, and J.P. Troup. (1991). "Biomechanical and Electromyographical Comparisons of Competitive Swimmers during a Fatiguing Exercise Bout." In Proceedings of the American College of Sports Medicine, Dallas, TX, May 29 - June 1.

Cappaert, J.M., D.L. Pease, R.K. Devlin, and J.P. Troup. (1992). "Three Dimensional Whole Body Analysis of the Butterfly Stroke during Competition." In Proceedings of the American College of Sports Medicine, Orlando, FL, May 27-29 and in Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 24(5):S172, §1031.

Cappaert, J.M., D.L. Pease, R. Devlin, P.Q. Franciosi, and J.P. Troup. (1991). "Whole Body Video Analysis of the Freestyle Events at the VIth World Swimming Championships." In Second IOC World Congress on Sport Sciences, October: (pp. 182-183). Barcelona: IOC.

Crickard, G., J.M. Cappaert, K.M. Monteil, and J.P. Troup. (1991.) "The Effects of Muscular Fatigue on Swimming Biomechanics and Electromyography (EMG)." In Proceedings of the American College of Sports Medicine, Dallas, TX, May 29-June 1.

Fish, Frank E. Comparative kinematics and hydrodynamics of odontocete cetaceans: Morphological and ecological correlates with swimming performance. Journal of Experimental Biology, v.201, n.20, (1998. Oct.): 2867-2877.

Franciosi, P.Q., J.M. Cappaert, G.W. Langhans, and J.P. Troup. (1991). "A Descriptive Analysis of the Undulating Breaststroke Technique." In Proceedings of the American College of Sports Medicine, Dallas, TX, May 29-June 1.

Goodrich, A.K. (1994). "A Kinematic Study of the Effect of Alternate Legs in the Forward Position in the Swimming Track Start." Thesis presented to Dr. Cheryl Maglischo, California State University, Chico.

Kennedy, Patrick W., Peter L. Brown, Somadeepti N. Chengalur, and Richard C. Nelson. (1990). "Analysis of Male and Female Olympic Swimmers in the 100-Meter Events." In International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 6:187-197.

Kippenhan, B. Christina. (2002). “Lower-Extremity Joint Angles used During the Breaststroke Whip Kick and the Influence of Flexibility on the Effectiveness of the Kick.” In Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, pg. 31-34.

Lee, Ching-Wen, Chenfu Huang, Der-Chia Lin, and Ching-Wei Lee. (2002). "The Strategy of Muscular Pre-Tension during Initial Block Phase in Swimming Grab Start." In Abstracts of the 20th International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, July 1-5, 2002; Caceres, Spain; pgs. 52-55.

Liu, Q., J.G. Hay, and J.G. Andrews. (1993). "Body Roll and Handpath in Freestyle Swimming: An Experimental Study." In Journal of Applied Biomechanics 9(3):238-253.

Liu, Q., J.G. Hay, and J.G. Andrews. (1991). "Interactions between Body Roll, Hand Relative Motion and Handpath during the Pull Phase in Freestyle Swimming." In Proceedings of the American Society of Biomechanics, Tempe, AZ, October 16-18: (pp. 120-121).

McLean, Scott P., Holthe, Michael J., Vint, Peter F., Beckett, Keith D.,and Hinrichs, Richard N. (2000). "Addition of an Approach to a Swimming Relay Start." In Journal of Applied Biomechanics, Vol.16, No. 4, (pp. 342-355).

McLean, Scott P., Michael J. Holthe, Peter F. Vint, Keith D. Beckett, and Richard N. Hinrichs. (2000). "Addition of an Approach to a Swimming Relay Start." In Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 16: 342-355.

Nelson, Richard C., Peter L. Brown, Patrick W. Kennedy, and Somadeepti N. Chengular. "Analysis of Olympic Swimmers in the 1988 Summer Games." Research paper: Medical Commission of the International Olympic Committee, Sub-Commission for Biomechanics and Sports Physiology.

Pease, D.L., J.M. Cappaert, K. McDonald, M. Puetz, and J.P. Troup. (1992). "Biomechanical and Electromyographical Differences between Swimmers with Injured and Non-Injured Shoulders." In Proceedings of the American College of Sports Medicine, Orlando, FL, May 27-29 and in Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 24(5):S173, §1033.

Richardson, A.B., J.M. Cappaert, K.M. Monteil, G. Crickard, and J.P. Troup. (1991). "The Effects of Fatigue and Recovery on Dynamic Muscular Efficiency during Dryland Swimming Motions." In Proceedings of the American College of Sports Medicine, Dallas, TX, May 29 - June 1.

Sanders, Ross H., J.M. Cappaert, Roni K. Devlin, and John P. Troup. (1992). "Evidence of Energy Reuse Through Body Wave Motion in Butterfly Swimming." In Abstracts for the 9th International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, June: (p. 49).

Sanders, Ross H. (1998). " Lifting Performance in Aquatic Sports." In Proceedings of XVI International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports.

Sanders, Ross H., Jane M. Cappaert, and David L. Pease. (1996). "Technique Characteristics of Elite Breaststroke Swimmers." In Proceedings of the XIV International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, June 25-29: (pp. 277-280).

Sanders, Ross H., Jane M. Cappaert, and Roni K. Devlin. (1995). "Wave Characteristics of Butterfly Swimming." Journal of Biomechanics 28(1):9-16.

Takahashi, T. and B.D. Wilson. (1997). "The Effects of Tethered Swimming on Freestyle Stroke Techniques." In Book of Abstracts for the 16th Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics, Tokyo, Japan, August 25-29: 23.

Yanai, Toshimasa. (1998). "Mechanics of Body Roll in Front-Crawl Swimming." In Proceedings of XVI International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports.

Yanai, T., J.G. Hay. (1993). "Three-Dimensional Videography of Swimming Techniques." In Proceedings the 17th Annual Meeting for the American Society of Biomechanics, October 21-23: pp. 151-152.

Yanai, Toshimasa, J.G. Hay, and J.T. Gerot. (1994). "Three-Dimensional Videography of Swimming with Panning Periscopes." In Proceedings of the American Society of Biomechanics 18th Annual Meeting, October 13-15: (pp. 7-8). Columbus, OH: ASB.

TRACK & FIELD (INCLUDING GENERAL RUNNING & JUMPING)
Andrews, David, and James J. Dowling. (1991). "Center of Pressure Estimation during Running without a Force Platform." In Proceedings of the American Society of Biomechanics, October 16-18: (pp. 156-157). Tempe, AZ: ASB.

Arampatzis, Adamantios, Mark Walsh, Gert-Peter Brüggemann. (1998). "Biomechanical Analysis of the Long Jump at the Vith World Championships in Athletics." In Proceedings of XVI International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports.

Bauer, Tony, and C. Zerpa. (1994). "A Video Analysis Measurement Technique for the Estimation of Leg Power during the Performance of the Horizontal Jump." In Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, July 2-6: (pp. 24-26). Budapest: ISBS.

Brogstrom, Anders, and Klaus Bartonietz. (1995). "Biomechanics of the Throwing Events." In International Seminar Going for Gold in Goteborg 1995, March 15-16: (pp. 23-30).

Christensen, Bryan, Zebas, Carole. (2000) "A Comparison of Practice and Competition approach Velocities and the Position of the Top Handhold at the Pole Plant in Pole Vaulters" In Proceedings of XVIII International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports Volume I (pp.233-235)

Christensen, Lars O.D. (1995). "Physical Testing of Participants during WC-95." In International Seminar Going for Gold in Goteborg 1995, March 15-16: (p. 99).

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VERTICAL JUMPING
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VOLLEYBALL
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Huang, Kuo Chuan, Lin Huan Hu, Chenfu Huang, Tai Yen Sheu, and Chia Meng Tsue. (2002). "Kinetic and Kinematic Differences of Two Volleyball-Spiking Jumps." In Abstracts of the 20th International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports, July 1-5, 2002; Caceres, Spain; pgs. 148-151.

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WATER POLO
Feltner, Michael E. (1994). "Kinematics of the Throwing Arm during a Penalty Throw in Water Polo." In Proceedings of the American Society of Biomechanics 18th Annual Meeting, October 13-15: (pp. 5-6). Columbus, OH: ASB.

Feltner, Michael E. (1997). "Kinematics and Kinetics of the Throwing Arm during a Penalty Throw in Water Polo." In Proceedings of the 4th International Olympic Committee World Congress on Sport Sciences, October 22-25: (pp. 138). Monte Carlo, Monaco: IOC.

Feltner, Michael E., and September T. Nelson. (1996). "Three-Dimensional Kinematics of the Throwing Arm during the Penalty Throw in Water Polo." In Journal of Applied Biomechanics 12(3):359-382 and in Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise (1993). 25(5):S196, §1103.

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WEIGHTLIFTING
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Escamilla, F. Rafael, Francisco, C. Anthony, Fleisig, S. Glenn, Barrentine, W., Steven, Welch, M. Christian, Kayes, V. Andrew, Speer, P. Kevin, and Andrews, R. James. (1999). " A three-dimensional biomechanical anaysis of sumo and conventional style deadlifts." In Medicine & Science In Sports & Exercise. 32(7):1265-1275

Escamilla, Rafael F.; Lowry, Tracy M.; Osbahr, Daryl C.; Speer, Kevin P. "Biomechanical analysis of the deadlift during the 1999 Special Olympic World Games". In Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. August, (2001). 33(8):1345-1353.

Escamilla, Rafael F., Fleisig, Glenn S., Lowry, Tracy M., Barrentine, Steven W., and Andrews, James R. (2001) "A Three-Dimensional Biomechanical Analysis of the Squat During Varying Stance Widths". In Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise Vol. 33, No. 6: (pp. 984-998)

Reiser, Raoul F., and Dragomir Ciorosian. (1995). "Comparative Biomechanical Analysis of Snatch Technique in Competition." In Weightlifting U.S.A., September: XIII(3):4-7.

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Zebas, Carole; Carlson, Kevin; Christensen, Bryan; Daniel, Garvin; Hayes, Matthew. (2000) "Power Output in Women Weightlifters during the Pull Phase of the Snatch" In Proceedings of XVIII International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports Volume I (pp. 387-388)